Os países desenvolvidos e a desigualdade econômica

Autores

  • Claudio Salvadori Dedecca Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) image/svg+xml

    DOI:

    https://doi.org/10.1590/hj8dgy68

    Palavras-chave:

    Desigualdade, Distribuição de renda, Desenvolvimento capitalista, Países desenvolvidos, Regulação social

    Resumo

    O objetivo deste ensaio é explorar o tema da desigualdade econômica a partir das distribuições de renda disponível e de patrimônio nos países desenvolvidos e, de modo mais detalhado, nos Estados Unidos. A análise explora o aumento da desigualdade enquanto resultado das transformações da sociedade capitalista ocorridas nos últimos quase 40 anos, que provocaram uma desvalorização dos salários acompanhada de uma maior financeirização da renda associada à dinâmica da riqueza, isto é, do patrimônio detido por certas parcelas das populações desses países. Ele adota uma perspectiva de análise de natureza estrutural, entendendo que o aumento da desigualdade que a crise atual poderá carregar deve ser visto como parte do processo de sua ampliação produzida pelas transformações ocorridas na sociedade capitalista desenvolvida ao longo dos últimos quase 40 anos. Nestes últimos 40 anos, o capitalismo desenvolvido conheceu um processo de sistemática reorganização econômica, social e política de suas estruturas produtivas, das instituições de representação e regulação e da dinâmica da acumulação de capital. A desigualdade deve ser entendida como transformação, que teve a financeirização como instrumento relevante para a modificação da distribuição de renda.

    Biografia do Autor

    • Claudio Salvadori Dedecca, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)

      Doutor em Ciência Econômica pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Professor Titular do Instituto de Economia da UNICAMP, Campinas, SP – Brasil. 

    Referências

    ALESSIE, R.; HOCHGUERTEL, S.; VAN SOEST, A. House portfolios in the Netherlands. In: GUISO, L.; HALIASSOS, M.; JAPPELLI, T. Households portfolios. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2002. ANKARLOO, D.; PALERMO, G. Anti-Williamson: a Marxian critique of new institutional economy. Cambridge Journal of Economics, v. 28, n. 3, 2004. APSA – AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATON. American democracy in an age of rising inequality. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association, 2004. Disponível em: http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/taskforcereport.pdf. ATKINSON, A. B. Income inequality in OECD countries: data and explanations. Munich: Center for Economic Studies, 2003. (CESIFO Working Paper, 881). ATKINSON, A. B. PIKETTY, T. Top incomes over the twentieth century: a contrast between continental European and english-speaking countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. BANKS, J.; TANNER, S. Household portfolios in the United Kingdom. In: GUISO, L.; HALIASSOS, M.; JAPPELLI, T. Households portfolios. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2002. BERTAUT, C. C.; STARR-MCCLUER, M. Household portfolios in the United States. In: GUISO, L.; HALIASSOS, M.; JAPPELLI, T. Households portfolios. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2002. BERTRAM, E. From welfare to workfare: reforming U.S. public assistance. 2006 Annual Meeting. Albuquerque: Western Political Science Association, 2006. CACKETT, B.; GREEN, D. Work and benefit dependency since 1997. London: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2005. Mimeografado. CANBERRA GROUP. Expert Group on Household Income Statistics. Ottawa: Canberra Group, 2001. CARTER, R.; HODGSON, G. M. The impact of empirical tests of transaction cost economics on the debate on the nature of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, London, v. 27, n. 5, 2006. CASTEL, R. La montée des incertidutes. Paris: Seuil, 2009. DARES – DIRECTION DE L’ANIMATION DE LA RECHERCHE, DES ETUDES ET DES STATISTIQUES. La negociation collective em 2008, Bilan e Rapports. Paris: Ministère du Travail, dês Relations Sociales, de la Famille, de La Solidarité e de la Ville, 2009. DEACON, A. Different interpretations of agency within welfare debates. Social Policy & Society, Cambridge, v. 3, n. 4, 2004. DUGGER, W. The new institutionalism: new but not institutionalism. Journal of Economics Issue, Lewisburg, v. 24, n. 2, 1990. EYMANN, A.; BORSCH-SUPAN, A. House portfolios in Germany. In: GUISO, L.; HALIASSOS, M.; JAPPELLI, T. Households portfolios. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2002. FITOUSSI, J.-P.; ROSANVALLON, P. Le nouvel age des inegalités. Paris: Seuil-Essais, 1996. GALBRAITH, J. K. Created unequal: the crisis in American pay. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998. GALBRAITH, J. K. Inequality, unemployment and growth: new measures for old controversies. Austin: University Texas Inequality Project, 2008. (UTIP Working Paper, 48). GALBRAITH, J. K. HALE, J. T. The evolution of economic inequality in the United States, 1969-2007. Evidence from data on inter-industrial earnings and inter-regional incomes. Austin: University of Texas Inequality Project, 2009. (UTIP Working Paper, 57). GOLDIN, C.; KATZ, L. The race between education and technology: the evolution of U.S. educational wage differentials, 1890 to 2005. Boston: NBER, 2007. (NBER Working Papers, 12894). GORDON, D. Fat and mean – The corporate squeeze of working Americans and the myth of managerial. Boston: Free Press, 1996. GORDON, R.; DEW-BECKER, I.Controversies about the rise of American inequality: a survey. Boston: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008. (Working Paper NBER 13982). GUISO, L.; JAPPELLI, T. House portfolios in Italy. In: GUISO, L.; HALIASSOS, M.; JAPPELLI, T. Households portfolios. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2002. HALL, P. A.; SOSKICE, D. Varieties of capitalism: the institutional foundations of comparative advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. HODGSON, G. M. Institutions and individuals: interaction and evolution. Organization Studies, London, v. 28, n. 1, 2007. HOWELL, D. R. Theory-driven facts and the growth in earnings inequality. Review of Radical Political Economics, London, v. 31, n. 1, 1999.

    ILO – INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION. World of Work Report 2008. Income inequalities in an age of financial globalization. Geneva: ILO, 2008a. ILO – INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION. Global Wage Report. Geneva: ILO, 2008b. ILO – INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION. Recovering from the crisis: a global jobs pact, document adopted by the International Labour Conference at its Ninety-eighth Session. Geneva: ILO, 2009. KAUFMAN, B. E. Institutional economics and minimum wage: broading the theorical and policy debate. Atlanta: Georgia State University, 2008. KOCHAN, T.; SHULMAN, B. A new social contract: restoring dignity and balance to the economy. Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2007. (EPI Briefing Papers, 184). Mimeografado. KUZNETS, S. The economics growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, New York, v. 45, n. 1, Mar. 1955. LANDAIS, C. Les hauts revenus en France 1998-2006: une explosion des inégalités? Paris: School of Economics Working Paper, 2007. LEIGH, A. Top incomes. In: SALVERDA, W.; NOLAN, B.; SMEEDING, T. (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality. Australian National University, 2007a. Mimeografado. LEIGH, A. How closely do top income shares track other measures of inequality? Economic Journal, Oxford, 117, 2007b. LEVY, F. Inequality and institutions in 20th Century America. Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007. (Working Paper, 13106). LINDERT, P. H. Three centuries of inequality in Britain and America. Davis: University of California, 1998. (Working Paper, 97-09). LUSTIG, H.; SYVERSON, C.; VAN NIEUWERBURGH, S. Technological change and the growing inequality in managerial compensation. Boston: National Bureau Economic Research, 2009. (NBER Working Papers, 14661). MARGLIN, S.; SCHOR, J. The golden age of capitalism, reinterpreting the postwar experience. New York: Clarendon Press, 1990. MITTELSTADT, J. From welfare to workfare: the unintended consequences of liberal reform, 1945-1965. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004. NORTH, D. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. OECD – ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in the OECD countries. Paris: OECD, 2008. OECD – ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. Going for growth. Paris: OECD, 2009. PALLEY, T. I. The economics case for international labour standards. Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge, v. 28, n. 1, 2004. PARIENTY, A. Carrefour: finance contre l’economie, alternatives economiques, 286. Paris: Alternatives Economiques, Dec. 2009. PASINETTI, L. L. Economic theory and institutions. In: DELORME, R.; DOPFER, K. The political economy of diversity: evolutionary perspectives on economic order and disorder. Aldershot: E. Elgar, 1994.

    PIKETTY, T.; SAEZ, E. The evolution of top incomes: a historical and international perspective. American Economic Review, Pittsburgh, v. 96, n. 2, 2006.

    RAWLS, J. A theory of justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000. UNITED NATIONS (UN). The inequality predicament. New York: United Nations, 2005. WEINBERG, D. H. Income data quality issues in the CPS. Monthly Labor Review, Washington, DC, Jun. 2006. WILLIAMSON, O. The economics of governance. American Economic Review, Pittsburgh, v. 95, n. 2, 2005. WRAY, L. R. Money manager capitalism and the global financial crisis. The Annandale-onHudson: Levy Economics Institute, 2009. (Working Paper, 578).

    Downloads

    Publicado

    2013-01-23

    Edição

    Seção

    Artigo