SAÚDE MENTAL E RECURSOS DE ENFRENTAMENTO EM ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS BRASILEIROS EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA

Authors

  • Catherine Menegaldi-Silva Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde da Universidade Cesumar - UNICESUMAR
  • Alice Hirdes Universidade Luterana do Brasil
  • Mirian Ueda Yamaguchi Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde da Universidade Cesumar - UNICESUMAR
  • Rute Grossi-Milani Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde da Universidade Cesumar - UNICESUMAR

Keywords:

Depression, Health Promotion, Salutogenesis

Abstract

University students make up the class considered most vulnerable to developing mental health problems resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, one way to understand how the pandemic affects university students is through the sense of coherence (SOC) construct, which plays an important role as a moderator or measurer of mental health, as it is able to predict health. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of depressive symptoms and coping resources (sense of coherence) in university students during social distancing, resulting from the pandemic. This is a quantitative, descriptive-exploratory and cross-sectional study. The sample of 242 university students was characterized as non-probabilistic, using the virtual snowball methodology. To this end, the following instruments were used: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Sense of Coherence Questionnaire (SOC-13) and a structured questionnaire. Participants had scores suggestive of the presence of depressive symptoms (M=16; SD=7.56) and mean scores for sense of coherence (M=57; SD=8.39). There was also a significant association between SOC-13 and PHQ-9, that is, a strong inverse association (R=-0.627) and significant (<0.0001) was observed, demonstrating that the higher the score of depressive symptoms, the lower the score of sense of coherence. Finally, regarding sociodemographic factors, a significant association between sex (<0.0030), age (<0.0001) and family income (<0.0011). In this scenario, it is necessary to develop actions and interventions on university campuses in order to develop strategies for academics to deal with the stress and depression resulting from the pandemic.

Author Biographies

  • Catherine Menegaldi-Silva, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde da Universidade Cesumar - UNICESUMAR

    Doutoranda em Promoção da Saúde pela Universidade Cesumar - UniCesumar (Bolsista/CAPES). Mestre em Promoção da Saúde pela Universidade Cesumar - UniCesumar. Pós-Graduanda em Psicoterapia e Orientação Psicanalítica pela UniCesumar. Atua como pesquisadora no grupo de pesquisa Saúde mental e contextos socioambientais no desenvolvimento do ciclo da vida, na UniCesumar, pesquisando as temáticas: Ambientes Restauradores, Universitários, Psicologia Ambiental, Saúde Mental e Salutogênese.

  • Alice Hirdes, Universidade Luterana do Brasil

    Possui graduação em Enfermagem pela Universidade Federal de Pelotas (1990) , mestrado em Enfermagem pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (2000) e doutorado em Psicologia Social pela PUCRS (2013). Na graduação, tem experiência de atuação nos cursos de Enfermagem, Psicologia e Medicina, nas disciplinas: Psicologias Aplicadas à Saúde, Saúde Mental, Psicologia e Ciclo Vital, Saúde Coletiva, Psicofamacologia, Atenção Primária à Saúde, Estágios Supervisionados, Ética e Pesquisa. Como experiência não-acadêmica, coordenou e trabalhou na implantação do primeiro Centro de Atenção Psicossocial - CAPS no país. Foi coordenadora do projeto de implantação de uma Unidade de Saúde Mental em hospital geral, na década de 90. Atuou como Coordenadora de Saúde Mental de São Lourenço do Sul, considerado um marco prático de reversão do modelo assistencial em saúde mental. Assessorou na estruturação de CAPS e implantação de Unidades de Saúde Mental em hospitais gerais no Estado e outros estados da federação. Atualmente é professora permanente do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde da ULBRA e docente no curso de graduação em Enfermagem da mesma instituição. Full Fellow da Rede InterRAI Network of Excellence in Mental Health. É consultora Ad Hoc do Ministério da Educação, atuando no reconhecimento e autorização de cursos de graduação.

  • Mirian Ueda Yamaguchi, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde da Universidade Cesumar - UNICESUMAR

    Possui graduação em Farmácia com Habilitação em Análises Clínicas pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá (1984), mestrado em Análises Clínicas (2005) e doutorado em Ciências Farmacêuticas (2009) pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Tem experiência em Análises Clínicas tendo sido diretora e responsável técnica de laboratório clínico durante 14 anos. Desde 2005 é professora titular na UniCesumar - Centro Universitário de Maringá onde atualmente é tutora no curso de Medicina e ministra disciplina no módulo de Hematologia. Faz parte do corpo docente permanente no Programa de Mestrado em Promoção da Saúde da UniCesumar onde orienta pesquisas em nível de Doutorado e Mestrado na área da Promoção da Saúde com uso de Tecnologias em Saúde (mHealth), Literacia Digital em Saúde, Universidade Promotora da Saúde e Envelhecimento. Coordena o projeto de pesquisa "Promoção da Saúde, Envelhecimento e Tecnologia em Saúde" (CNPq) e o projeto de extensão sobre "Universidade Promotora da Saúde". Pesquisadora do Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação - ICETI. Membro do Comitê Assessor de Área (CAA-Ciências da Saúde) da Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná - gestão 2020/2024.

  • Rute Grossi-Milani, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde da Universidade Cesumar - UNICESUMAR

    Doctorate in Medicine (Mental Health - CAPES Concept 7) from the University of São Paulo (2006). Psychologist and Specialist in Public Health from the State University of Maringá. She works as a Full Professor, Supervisor in Clinical Psychology and Professor of the Stricto Sensu Postgraduate Programs in Health Promotion and Clean Technologies at the University Center of Maringá (Unicesumar). Scholarship holder of the Research Productivity Program at ICETI Cesumar Institute of Science, Technology and Innovation. Member of the IUHPE - International Union for Health Promotion and Education, and STARS: Society for Theory And Research on Salutogenesis. He coordinates the Research Group on Mental Health and Socio-environmental Contexts of Development in the Life Cycle Cesumar/CNPq, and the LAPPISS - Laboratory of Research and Interdisciplinary Practices in Health Promotion, Subjectivities and Socio-environmental Care. Coordinates the Unicesumar Health-Promoting Universities Extension Project: actions on the university campus and in the community. Former editor-in-chief of the Cesumar Journal - Applied Human and Social Sciences. Former member of the Permanent Research Ethics Committee of Cesumar (2005-2019). Member of the Structuring Teaching Nucleus (NDE), of the collegiate and professor of the Psychology course (UNICESUMAR). GT member of Environmental Psychology at ANPEPP - Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Psychology. Founding member of ABRAPA - Brazilian Association of Environmental Psychology and Person-Environment Relations. She has experience in the field of Psychology, with an emphasis on psychological assessment and intervention, and develops research in mental health, health promotion, environmental psychology and sustainability.

References

ACHDUT, Netta; REFAELI, Tehila. Unemployment and Psychological Distress among Young People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychological Resources and Risk Factors. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 19, 2020.

AKKAYA-KALAYCI, Türkan et al. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Psychological Well-Being of Young People Living in Austria and Turkey: A Multicenter Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, Switzerland, v. 17, n. 23, 2020.

ANTONOVSKY, Aaron. The structure of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science and Medicine, [s. l.], v. 36, n. 6, p. 725–733, 1993.

ANTONOVSKY, A. Unraveling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well. 1st. ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1987.

BALHARA, Yatan Pal Singh et al. Impact of lockdown following COVID-19 on the gaming behavior of college students. Indian journal of public health, India, v. 64, n. Supplement, p. S172–S176, 2020.

BARNI, Daniela et al. Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Sense of Coherence. Frontiers in Psychology, [s. l.], v. 11, 2020.

BRASIL. MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO. Diretrizes nacionais para implementação dos dispositivos da Lei no 14.040, que estabelece normas educacionais excepcionais a serem adotadas durante o estado. de calamidade pública. Brasil: 2020.

BRICK, J Michael. Explorations in Non-probability Sampling Using the Web. Statistics Canada Symposium, [s. l.], 2014.

BRUFFAERTS, Ronny et al. Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders, [s. l.], v. 225, p. 97–103, 2018.

CHANG, Tracy F. H. et al. Online Isha Upa Yoga for student mental health and well‐being during COVID‐19: A randomized control trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, [s. l.], 2022.

CHU, Janet Junqing et al. Sense of coherence and associated factors among university students in China: cross-sectional evidence. BMC public health, [s. l.], v. 16, p. 336, 2016.

COPELAND, William E et al. Impact of COVID on College Student Mental Health and Wellness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, United States, 2020.

DANTAS, Rosana Aparecida Spadoti. Adaptação cultural e validação do Questionário de Senso de Coerência de Antonovsky em uma amostra de pacientes cardíacos brasileiros. Tese de doutorado - Ribeirão Preto, [s. l.], p. 1–183, 2007.

ERIKSSON, M. Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale and the relation with health: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, [s. l.], v. 60, n. 5, 2006.

ERIKSSON, Monica. Research supervision as a mutual learning process: introducing salutogenesis into supervision using “The Collegial Model”. Health promotion international, England, 2018.

ERIKSSON, Monica. The Sense of Coherence: The Concept and Its Relationship to Health. In: THE HANDBOOK OF SALUTOGENESIS. 2aed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. p. 61–68.

ERIKSSON, M.; LINDSTROM, B. Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale and its relation with quality of life: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, [s. l.], v. 61, n. 11, p. 938–944, 2007.

ESSADEK, Aziz; RABEYRON, Thomas. Mental health of French students during the Covid-19 pandemic. [S. l.: s. n.], 2020.

FELDT, Taru et al. Development of sense of coherence in adulthood: a person-centered approach. The population-based HeSSup cohort study. Quality of Life Research, [s. l.], v. 20, n. 1, p. 69–79, 2011.

FORTE, Giuseppe et al. The Enemy Which Sealed the World: Effects of COVID-19 Diffusion on the Psychological State of the Italian Population. Journal of Clinical Medicine, [s. l.], v. 9, n. 6, p. 1802, 2020.

GÉNÉREUX, Mélissa et al. One Virus, Four Continents, Eight Countries: An Interdisciplinary and International Study on the Psychosocial Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 22, p. 8390, 2020.

GERMANI, Alessandro et al. Emerging Adults and COVID-19: The Role of Individualism-Collectivism on Perceived Risks and Psychological Maladjustment. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 10, 2020.

GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA, Marian et al. Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mindfulness, [s. l.], v. 12, n. 7, p. 1685–1695, 2021.

GONZÁLEZ-SANGUINO, Clara et al. Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, [s. l.], v. 87, p. 172–176, 2020.

GREY, Ian et al. The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research, [s. l.], v. 293, p. 113452, 2020.

GUO, Jing et al. Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and Negative Impact on Livelihood Predict Elevated Mental Health Problems in Chinese Adults. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 11, 2020.

GWIN, Shannon et al. Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Religiosity in Young Adults. Journal of Religion and Health, [s. l.], v. 59, n. 6, p. 3193–3210, 2020.

HAWKE, Lisa D et al. Impacts of COVID-19 on Youth Mental Health, Substance Use, and Well-being: A Rapid Survey of Clinical and Community Samples: Répercussions de la COVID-19 sur la santé mentale, l’utilisation de substances et le bien-être des adolescents : un sondage rapid. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, United States, p. 706743720940562, 2020.

HORIGIAN, Viviana E; SCHMIDT, Renae D; FEASTER, Daniel J. Loneliness, Mental Health, and Substance Use among US Young Adults during COVID-19. Journal of psychoactive drugs, United States, p. 1–9, 2020.

IIVARI, Netta; SHARMA, Sumita; VENTÄ-OLKKONEN, Leena. Digital transformation of everyday life - How COVID-19 pandemic transformed the basic education of the young generation and why information management research should care?. International journal of information management, [s. l.], v. 55, p. 102183, 2020.

JUNG, Stefanie; KNEER, Jonas; KRÜGER, Tillmann H. C. Mental Health, Sense of Coherence, and Interpersonal Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Germany. Journal of Clinical Medicine, [s. l.], v. 9, n. 11, p. 3708, 2020.

KAPAROUNAKI, Chrysi K et al. University students’ mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. [S. l.: s. n.], 2020.

KASE, Takayoshi; ENDO, Shintaro; OISHI, Kazuo. Process linking social support to mental health through a sense of coherence in Japanese university students. Mental Health and Prevention, [s. l.], v. 4, n. 3–4, p. 124–129, 2016.

KEUM, Brian TaeHyuk; MILLER, Matthew J.; INKELAS, Karen Kurotsuchi. Testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 across racially diverse U.S. college students. Psychological Assessment, [s. l.], v. 30, n. 8, p. 1096–1106, 2018.

KROENKE, Kurt; SPITZER, Robert L.; WILLIAMS, Janet B. W. The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, [s. l.], v. 16, n. 9, p. 606–613, 2001. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.

LAL, Abhishek et al. Psychological Distress among Adults in Home Confinement in the Midst of COVID-19 Outbreak. European journal of dentistry, Germany, 2020.

LARSON, Lincoln R. et al. Greenspace and park use associated with less emotional distress among college students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Research, [s. l.], v. 204, p. 112367, 2022.

MANA, Adi et al. Individual, social and national coping resources and their relationships with mental health and anxiety: A comparative study in Israel, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands during the Coronavirus pandemic. Global Health Promotion, [s. l.], v. 28, n. 2, p. 17–26, 2021.

MARSHALL, Jamie M.; DUNSTAN, Debra A.; BARTIK, Warren. Smartphone Psychological Therapy During COVID-19: A Study on the Effectiveness of Five Popular Mental Health Apps for Anxiety and Depression. Frontiers in Psychology, [s. l.], v. 12, 2021.

MATO, Mie; TSUKASAKI, Keiko. Factors promoting sense of coherence among university students in urban areas of Japan: individual-level social capital, self-efficacy, and mental health. Global Health Promotion, [s. l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 60–68, 2019.

MECHILI, Enkeleint A et al. Is the mental health of young students and their family members affected during the quarantine period? Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Albania. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, [s. l.], 2020.

MERAKOU, Kyriakoula; XEFTERI, Eleni; BARBOUNI, Anastasia. Sense of Coherence in Religious Christian Orthodox Women in Greece. Community Mental Health Journal, [s. l.], v. 53, n. 3, p. 353–357, 2017.

MIMOUN, Elie et al. Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. International journal of environmental research and public health, United States, v. 17, n. 6, p. e0233410, 2020.

NILSSON, K W et al. Sense of coherence and psychological well-being: improvement with age. Journal of epidemiology and community health, England, v. 64, n. 4, p. 347–352, 2010.

PARKER, Alexandra et al. A brief, daily, online mental health and wellbeing intervention for university staff during the COVID-19 pandemic: Program description and outcomes using a mixed methods design (Preprint). JMIR Formative Research, [s. l.], 2021.

PEKER, Kadriye; BERMEK, Gülçin; UYSAL, Omer. Factors Related to Sense of Coherence Among Dental Students at Istanbul University. Journal of Dental Education, [s. l.], v. 76, n. 6, p. 774–782, 2012.

PIEH, Christoph et al. Relationship quality and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown. PLoS One, [s. l.], v. 15(9), p. 1–10, 2020.

PORTER, Stephen R.; WHITCOMB, Michael E. Non-response in student surveys: The Role of Demographics, Engagement and Personality. Research in Higher Education, [s. l.], v. 46, n. 2, p. 127–152, 2005.

REGUERA-GARCÍA, María Mercedes et al. Physical Activity, Resilience, Sense of Coherence and Coping in People with Multiple Sclerosis in the Situation Derived from COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 21, p. 8202, 2020.

REVERTÉ‐VILLARROYA, Sílvia et al. The influence of COVID‐19 on the mental health of final‐year nursing students: comparing the situation before and during the pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, [s. l.], p. inm.12827, 2021.

RIZVI, Shireen L. et al. Randomized clinical trial of a brief, scalable intervention for mental health sequelae in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, [s. l.], v. 149, p. 104015, 2022.

ROGOWSKA, Aleksandra M et al. Does Physical Activity Matter for the Mental Health of University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Journal of clinical medicine, [s. l.], v. 9, n. 11, 2020.

SAHU, Pradeep. Closure of Universities Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on Education and Mental Health of Students and Academic Staff. Cureus, [s. l.], v. 12, n. 4, p. e7541, 2020.

SANTOS, Iná S. et al. Sensibilidade e especificidade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos da população geral. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, [s. l.], v. 29, n. 8, p. 1533–1543, 2013.

SHANAHAN, Lilly et al. Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological medicine, [s. l.], p. 1–10, 2020.

SHERMAN, Allen C et al. Mental health outcomes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence and risk factors in a southern US state. Psychiatry research, [s. l.], v. 293, p. 113476, 2020.

SON, Changwon et al. Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, [s. l.], v. 22, n. 9, p. e21279, 2020.

SZOVÁK, Etelka et al. Insights Gained in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-Up Survey of a Recreational Training Program, Focusing on Sense of Coherence and Sleep Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 24, p. 9201, 2020.

UNESCO. School closures caused by Coronavirus (Covid-19). [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse. Acesso at: 28 Dec. 2020.

VAANDRAGER, Lenneke et al. Salutogenesis Post-Graduate Education: Experience From the European Perspective on the ETC-PHHP Health Promotion Summer Schools (1991–2020). In: MITTELMARK, Maurice B. et al. (org.). The Handbook of Salutogenesis. 2aed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022. p. 1–634.

VITORINO, Luciano Magalhães et al. The association between spirituality and religiousness and mental health. Scientific Reports, [s. l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 17233, 2018.

WANG, Huiyao et al. The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. PloS one, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 5, p. e0233410, 2020.

XIN, Xing et al. Improvement to the subjective well‐being of pet ownership may have positive psychological influence during COVID‐19 epidemic. Animal Science Journal, [s. l.], v. 92, n. 1, 2021.

ZHAO, Bo et al. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Knowledge, Precaution Practice, and Associated Depression Symptoms among University Students in Korea, China, and Japan. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 18, 2020.

Published

2023-07-24

Issue

Vol. 27 No. 3 (2022)

Section

Artigo

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Avaliação: Revista da Avaliação da Educação Superior

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

A remessa de originais implica a autorização para publicação e disponibilização on-line sem o pagamento de direitos atorais.
A reprodução de artigos publicados na Avaliação só é permitida com indicação da fonte. Utilização de material publicado para fins comerciais é proibida.

How to Cite

SAÚDE MENTAL E RECURSOS DE ENFRENTAMENTO EM ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS BRASILEIROS EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA. Avaliação: Revista da Avaliação da Educação Superior, Campinas; Sorocaba, SP, v. 27, n. 3, 2023. Disponível em: https://submission.scielo.br/index.php/aval/article/view/260901. Acesso em: 3 aug. 2025.