SAÚDE MENTAL E RECURSOS DE ENFRENTAMENTO EM ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS BRASILEIROS EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA
Palabras clave:
Depresión, Promoción de la salud, SalutogénesisResumen
Los estudiantes universitarios conforman la clase considerada más vulnerable a desarrollar problemas de salud mental derivados de la pandemia de COVID-19. Así, una forma de entender cómo afecta la pandemia a los estudiantes universitarios es a través del constructo sentido de coherencia (SOC), que juega un papel importante como moderador o medidor de la salud mental, ya que es capaz de predecir la salud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la prevalencia de síntomas depresivos y los recursos de afrontamiento (sentido de coherencia) en estudiantes universitarios durante el distanciamiento social, derivado de la pandemia. Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo-exploratorio y transversal. La muestra de 242 estudiantes universitarios se caracterizó como no probabilística, utilizando la metodología bola de nieve virtual. Para ello se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9), Cuestionario de Sentido de Coherencia (SOC-13) y un cuestionario estructurado. Los participantes tenían puntajes que sugerían la presencia de síntomas depresivos (M=16; SD=7,56) y puntajes medios para el sentido de coherencia (M=57; SD=8,39). Hubo una asociación significativa entre SOC-13 y PHQ-9, es decir, se observó una asociación inversa fuerte (R=-0,627) y significativa (<0,0001), demostrando que a mayor puntuación de síntomas depresivos, menor la sensación puntuación de coherencia. Finalmente, en cuanto a los factores sociodemográficos, hubo asociación significativa entre sexo (<0,0030), edad (<0,0001) y renta familiar (<0,0011) con síntomas depresivos y sentido de coherencia. En este escenario, es necesario desarrollar acciones e intervenciones en los campus universitarios con el fin de desarrollar estrategias para que los académicos enfrenten el estrés y la depresión derivados de la pandemia.
Referencias
ACHDUT, Netta; REFAELI, Tehila. Unemployment and Psychological Distress among Young People during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychological Resources and Risk Factors. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 19, 2020.
AKKAYA-KALAYCI, Türkan et al. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Psychological Well-Being of Young People Living in Austria and Turkey: A Multicenter Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, Switzerland, v. 17, n. 23, 2020.
ANTONOVSKY, Aaron. The structure of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science and Medicine, [s. l.], v. 36, n. 6, p. 725–733, 1993.
ANTONOVSKY, A. Unraveling the Mystery of Health: How People Manage Stress and Stay Well. 1st. ed. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1987.
BALHARA, Yatan Pal Singh et al. Impact of lockdown following COVID-19 on the gaming behavior of college students. Indian journal of public health, India, v. 64, n. Supplement, p. S172–S176, 2020.
BARNI, Daniela et al. Facing the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Sense of Coherence. Frontiers in Psychology, [s. l.], v. 11, 2020.
BRASIL. MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO. Diretrizes nacionais para implementação dos dispositivos da Lei no 14.040, que estabelece normas educacionais excepcionais a serem adotadas durante o estado. de calamidade pública. Brasil: 2020.
BRICK, J Michael. Explorations in Non-probability Sampling Using the Web. Statistics Canada Symposium, [s. l.], 2014.
BRUFFAERTS, Ronny et al. Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders, [s. l.], v. 225, p. 97–103, 2018.
CHANG, Tracy F. H. et al. Online Isha Upa Yoga for student mental health and well‐being during COVID‐19: A randomized control trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, [s. l.], 2022.
CHU, Janet Junqing et al. Sense of coherence and associated factors among university students in China: cross-sectional evidence. BMC public health, [s. l.], v. 16, p. 336, 2016.
COPELAND, William E et al. Impact of COVID on College Student Mental Health and Wellness. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, United States, 2020.
DANTAS, Rosana Aparecida Spadoti. Adaptação cultural e validação do Questionário de Senso de Coerência de Antonovsky em uma amostra de pacientes cardíacos brasileiros. Tese de doutorado - Ribeirão Preto, [s. l.], p. 1–183, 2007.
ERIKSSON, M. Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale and the relation with health: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, [s. l.], v. 60, n. 5, 2006.
ERIKSSON, Monica. Research supervision as a mutual learning process: introducing salutogenesis into supervision using “The Collegial Model”. Health promotion international, England, 2018.
ERIKSSON, Monica. The Sense of Coherence: The Concept and Its Relationship to Health. In: THE HANDBOOK OF SALUTOGENESIS. 2aed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. p. 61–68.
ERIKSSON, M.; LINDSTROM, B. Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale and its relation with quality of life: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, [s. l.], v. 61, n. 11, p. 938–944, 2007.
ESSADEK, Aziz; RABEYRON, Thomas. Mental health of French students during the Covid-19 pandemic. [S. l.: s. n.], 2020.
FELDT, Taru et al. Development of sense of coherence in adulthood: a person-centered approach. The population-based HeSSup cohort study. Quality of Life Research, [s. l.], v. 20, n. 1, p. 69–79, 2011.
FORTE, Giuseppe et al. The Enemy Which Sealed the World: Effects of COVID-19 Diffusion on the Psychological State of the Italian Population. Journal of Clinical Medicine, [s. l.], v. 9, n. 6, p. 1802, 2020.
GÉNÉREUX, Mélissa et al. One Virus, Four Continents, Eight Countries: An Interdisciplinary and International Study on the Psychosocial Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 22, p. 8390, 2020.
GERMANI, Alessandro et al. Emerging Adults and COVID-19: The Role of Individualism-Collectivism on Perceived Risks and Psychological Maladjustment. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 10, 2020.
GONZÁLEZ-GARCÍA, Marian et al. Feasibility of a Brief Online Mindfulness and Compassion-Based Intervention to Promote Mental Health Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mindfulness, [s. l.], v. 12, n. 7, p. 1685–1695, 2021.
GONZÁLEZ-SANGUINO, Clara et al. Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, [s. l.], v. 87, p. 172–176, 2020.
GREY, Ian et al. The role of perceived social support on depression and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research, [s. l.], v. 293, p. 113452, 2020.
GUO, Jing et al. Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and Negative Impact on Livelihood Predict Elevated Mental Health Problems in Chinese Adults. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 11, 2020.
GWIN, Shannon et al. Associations Between Depressive Symptoms and Religiosity in Young Adults. Journal of Religion and Health, [s. l.], v. 59, n. 6, p. 3193–3210, 2020.
HAWKE, Lisa D et al. Impacts of COVID-19 on Youth Mental Health, Substance Use, and Well-being: A Rapid Survey of Clinical and Community Samples: Répercussions de la COVID-19 sur la santé mentale, l’utilisation de substances et le bien-être des adolescents : un sondage rapid. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, United States, p. 706743720940562, 2020.
HORIGIAN, Viviana E; SCHMIDT, Renae D; FEASTER, Daniel J. Loneliness, Mental Health, and Substance Use among US Young Adults during COVID-19. Journal of psychoactive drugs, United States, p. 1–9, 2020.
IIVARI, Netta; SHARMA, Sumita; VENTÄ-OLKKONEN, Leena. Digital transformation of everyday life - How COVID-19 pandemic transformed the basic education of the young generation and why information management research should care?. International journal of information management, [s. l.], v. 55, p. 102183, 2020.
JUNG, Stefanie; KNEER, Jonas; KRÜGER, Tillmann H. C. Mental Health, Sense of Coherence, and Interpersonal Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Germany. Journal of Clinical Medicine, [s. l.], v. 9, n. 11, p. 3708, 2020.
KAPAROUNAKI, Chrysi K et al. University students’ mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. [S. l.: s. n.], 2020.
KASE, Takayoshi; ENDO, Shintaro; OISHI, Kazuo. Process linking social support to mental health through a sense of coherence in Japanese university students. Mental Health and Prevention, [s. l.], v. 4, n. 3–4, p. 124–129, 2016.
KEUM, Brian TaeHyuk; MILLER, Matthew J.; INKELAS, Karen Kurotsuchi. Testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 across racially diverse U.S. college students. Psychological Assessment, [s. l.], v. 30, n. 8, p. 1096–1106, 2018.
KROENKE, Kurt; SPITZER, Robert L.; WILLIAMS, Janet B. W. The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, [s. l.], v. 16, n. 9, p. 606–613, 2001. Disponível em: http://link.springer.com/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.
LAL, Abhishek et al. Psychological Distress among Adults in Home Confinement in the Midst of COVID-19 Outbreak. European journal of dentistry, Germany, 2020.
LARSON, Lincoln R. et al. Greenspace and park use associated with less emotional distress among college students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Research, [s. l.], v. 204, p. 112367, 2022.
MANA, Adi et al. Individual, social and national coping resources and their relationships with mental health and anxiety: A comparative study in Israel, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands during the Coronavirus pandemic. Global Health Promotion, [s. l.], v. 28, n. 2, p. 17–26, 2021.
MARSHALL, Jamie M.; DUNSTAN, Debra A.; BARTIK, Warren. Smartphone Psychological Therapy During COVID-19: A Study on the Effectiveness of Five Popular Mental Health Apps for Anxiety and Depression. Frontiers in Psychology, [s. l.], v. 12, 2021.
MATO, Mie; TSUKASAKI, Keiko. Factors promoting sense of coherence among university students in urban areas of Japan: individual-level social capital, self-efficacy, and mental health. Global Health Promotion, [s. l.], v. 26, n. 1, p. 60–68, 2019.
MECHILI, Enkeleint A et al. Is the mental health of young students and their family members affected during the quarantine period? Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Albania. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, [s. l.], 2020.
MERAKOU, Kyriakoula; XEFTERI, Eleni; BARBOUNI, Anastasia. Sense of Coherence in Religious Christian Orthodox Women in Greece. Community Mental Health Journal, [s. l.], v. 53, n. 3, p. 353–357, 2017.
MIMOUN, Elie et al. Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. International journal of environmental research and public health, United States, v. 17, n. 6, p. e0233410, 2020.
NILSSON, K W et al. Sense of coherence and psychological well-being: improvement with age. Journal of epidemiology and community health, England, v. 64, n. 4, p. 347–352, 2010.
PARKER, Alexandra et al. A brief, daily, online mental health and wellbeing intervention for university staff during the COVID-19 pandemic: Program description and outcomes using a mixed methods design (Preprint). JMIR Formative Research, [s. l.], 2021.
PEKER, Kadriye; BERMEK, Gülçin; UYSAL, Omer. Factors Related to Sense of Coherence Among Dental Students at Istanbul University. Journal of Dental Education, [s. l.], v. 76, n. 6, p. 774–782, 2012.
PIEH, Christoph et al. Relationship quality and mental health during COVID-19 lockdown. PLoS One, [s. l.], v. 15(9), p. 1–10, 2020.
PORTER, Stephen R.; WHITCOMB, Michael E. Non-response in student surveys: The Role of Demographics, Engagement and Personality. Research in Higher Education, [s. l.], v. 46, n. 2, p. 127–152, 2005.
REGUERA-GARCÍA, María Mercedes et al. Physical Activity, Resilience, Sense of Coherence and Coping in People with Multiple Sclerosis in the Situation Derived from COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 21, p. 8202, 2020.
REVERTÉ‐VILLARROYA, Sílvia et al. The influence of COVID‐19 on the mental health of final‐year nursing students: comparing the situation before and during the pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, [s. l.], p. inm.12827, 2021.
RIZVI, Shireen L. et al. Randomized clinical trial of a brief, scalable intervention for mental health sequelae in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Behaviour Research and Therapy, [s. l.], v. 149, p. 104015, 2022.
ROGOWSKA, Aleksandra M et al. Does Physical Activity Matter for the Mental Health of University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic?. Journal of clinical medicine, [s. l.], v. 9, n. 11, 2020.
SAHU, Pradeep. Closure of Universities Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on Education and Mental Health of Students and Academic Staff. Cureus, [s. l.], v. 12, n. 4, p. e7541, 2020.
SANTOS, Iná S. et al. Sensibilidade e especificidade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos da população geral. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, [s. l.], v. 29, n. 8, p. 1533–1543, 2013.
SHANAHAN, Lilly et al. Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychological medicine, [s. l.], p. 1–10, 2020.
SHERMAN, Allen C et al. Mental health outcomes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence and risk factors in a southern US state. Psychiatry research, [s. l.], v. 293, p. 113476, 2020.
SON, Changwon et al. Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, [s. l.], v. 22, n. 9, p. e21279, 2020.
SZOVÁK, Etelka et al. Insights Gained in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-Up Survey of a Recreational Training Program, Focusing on Sense of Coherence and Sleep Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 24, p. 9201, 2020.
UNESCO. School closures caused by Coronavirus (Covid-19). [S. l.], 2020. Disponível em: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse. Acesso at: 28 Dec. 2020.
VAANDRAGER, Lenneke et al. Salutogenesis Post-Graduate Education: Experience From the European Perspective on the ETC-PHHP Health Promotion Summer Schools (1991–2020). In: MITTELMARK, Maurice B. et al. (org.). The Handbook of Salutogenesis. 2aed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2022. p. 1–634.
VITORINO, Luciano Magalhães et al. The association between spirituality and religiousness and mental health. Scientific Reports, [s. l.], v. 8, n. 1, p. 17233, 2018.
WANG, Huiyao et al. The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. PloS one, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 5, p. e0233410, 2020.
XIN, Xing et al. Improvement to the subjective well‐being of pet ownership may have positive psychological influence during COVID‐19 epidemic. Animal Science Journal, [s. l.], v. 92, n. 1, 2021.
ZHAO, Bo et al. Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Knowledge, Precaution Practice, and Associated Depression Symptoms among University Students in Korea, China, and Japan. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 18, 2020.
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 Avaliação: Revista da Avaliação da Educação Superior

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
A remessa de originais implica a autorização para publicação e disponibilização on-line sem o pagamento de direitos atorais.
A reprodução de artigos publicados na Avaliação só é permitida com indicação da fonte. Utilização de material publicado para fins comerciais é proibida.